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斯坦福大学

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1 2024-04-11

Some of the 17 million Americans afflicted with major depressive disorder each year may soon receive asurprising new prescription from their clinician:Have fun on avirtual reality device.Engaging in activities that make you feel good may seem like overly simplistic advice,especially when directed at people with severe depression.But the science behind this idea,called"behavioral activation,"is well established.Multiple studies have found that encouraging people to get outside,exercise,socialize,volunteer or immerse themselves in enjoyable activities in aprescribed,systematic way can help ease the symptoms of depression.Now,Stanford researchers have discovered that engaging in these behaviors within avirtual reality system may show just as much efficacy in treating depression as carrying them out in the real world.And for those depressed to alevel that makes leaving the house achallenge,it could provide the benefits of getting outside--and even motivate them to get out."People who might otherwise have barriers to getting treatment might be open to using this technology in their own homes,"said Kim Bullock,MD,a clinical professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences.The study by Bullock‘s team,published in JMIR Mental Health,followed 26 people with major depressive disorder.Half were assigned traditional behavioral activation,and half used avirtual reality headset to participate in activities ranging from table tennis and mini-golf to touring foreign cities or attending shows.People in both groups saw their depression scores decrease by similar amounts. 查看详细>>

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2 2023-04-27

The tool rapidly estimates water loss from soils due to“evapotranspiration,”a process that involves the evaporation of water into the atmosphere and the uptake of water by plants.Compared to state-of-the-art ways of getting such evapotranspiration estimates,the new Stanford modeling tool works 100 times faster while maintaining high levels of accuracy.In practice,the tool could dramatically reduce the time needed to devise strategic,efficient irrigation schedules that best position watering and sensing equipment across entire farms.On anarrower,field-by-field basis,the tool could even crunch data fast enough to adjust irrigation on the fly,in near real time,as weather conditions change.“Evapotranspiration is acritical piece of information for designing efficient irrigation systems,”said Weiyu Li,a PhD candidate in energy science and engineering and lead author of astudy describing the findings in Water Resources Research.Li is aSiebel Scholar in the class of 2023 and is currently the first and only recipient at Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability.Overall,the research is astep forward for smart agriculture,which leverages the power of modern technologies and approaches such as big data and the Internet of Things to boost crop yields while conserving natural resources.“With this study,we’re helping to deliver on the promise of smart agriculture to continue sustainably feeding billions of people worldwide and preserving our planet for future generations,”said senior study author Daniel Tartakovsky,a professor of energy science and engineering who is also Li’s advisor.Simple vertical,complex horizontal Conventional accounting for evapotranspiration has relied on what researchers call the vertical-flow assumption.In this modeling approach,the water applied during irrigation is treated as only moving straight down into the soil.The fact that the water can(and does)flow in horizontal directions is ignored.Given that smart agriculture requires processing significant amounts of data,the vertical-flow assumption has been used as asort of computational shortcut.The approach is sufficient for some irrigation modeling needs but the results it gives can be vastly improved upon,Li said. 查看详细>>

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3 2023-04-05

Artificial intelligence is advancing so rapidly that this article may be obsolete by the time you read it.That’s Michal Kosinski’s concern when asked about his recent experiments with ChatGPT and the text-generation engine that powers it.Kosinski,a computational psychologist and professor of organizational behavior at Stanford Graduate School of Business,says the pace of AI development is accelerating beyond researchers’ability to keep up(never mind policymakers and ordinary users).We’re talking two weeks after OpenAI released GPT-4,the latest version of its large language model,grabbing headlines and making an unpublished paper Kosinski had written about GPT-3 all but irrelevant.“The difference between GPT-3 and GPT-4 is like the difference between ahorse cart and a737—and it happened in ayear,”he says.Kosinski has been tracking AI’s evolutionary leaps through aseries of somewhat unnerving studies.Most notably,he’s found that facial recognition software could be used to predict your political leaning and sexual orientation.Lately,he’s been looking at large language models(LLMs),the neural networks that can hold fluent conversations,confidently answer questions,and generate copious amounts of text on just about any topic.In acouple of non-peer-reviewed projects,he’s explored some of the most urgent—and contentious—questions surrounding this technology:Can it develop abilities that go far beyond what it’s trained to do?Can it get around the safeguards set up to contain it?And will we know the answers in time?Getting into Our Heads When the first LLMs were made public acouple of years ago,Kosinski wondered whether they would develop humanlike capabilities,such as understanding people’s unseen thoughts and emotions.People usually develop this ability,known as theory of mind,at around age 4or 5.It can be demonstrated with simple tests like the“Smarties task,”in which achild is shown acandy box that contains something else,like pencils.They are then asked how another person would react to opening the box.Older kids understand that this person expects the box to contain candy and will feel disappointed when they find pencils inside.Kosinski created 20 variations of this test and gave them to several early versions of GPT.They performed poorly,and Kosinski put the project on hold.In January,he decided to give it another try with the latest GPT releases.“Suddenly,the model started getting all of those tasks right—just an insane performance level,”he recalls.“Then Itook even more difficult tasks and the model solved all of them as well.”GPT-3.5,released in November 2022,did 85%of the tasks correctly.GPT-4 reached nearly 90%accuracy—what you might expect from a7-year-old.These newer LLMs achieved similar results on another classic theory of mind measurement known as the Sally-Anne test. 查看详细>>

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4 2022-11-15

At atime when climate models churn out increasingly precise and dire predictions,about 30 percent of Americans don’t believe climate change will occur in their lifetimes.While the James Webb space telescope peers toward the beginning of the universe,two in 10 Americans remain unconvinced that the Earth is round.And while pharmaceutical companies continue to tweak vaccines to combat COVID-19 variants,roughly 10 percent of Americans believe the shots are actually designed to insert microchips.By their nature,scientific falsehoods defy reason.But two Stanford researchers—Jonathan Osborne,a professor emeritus of science education at Stanford Graduate School of Education(GSE),and GSE doctoral student Daniel Pimentel—are taking ascholarly approach to understand where such beliefs originate and how they can be discouraged.In anew essay published in the journal Science,Osborne and Pimentel argue that new approaches to science education could help inoculate society against scientific misinformation in all of its forms,from the misguided to the malicious.“It will take afundamental shift,”Osborne said.“The standards for teaching kindergarten through high school were framed before misinformation was such aproblem.”It’s important to address the issue at ayoung age,said Osborne,who began his career as ascience teacher in the 1970s and is one of the authors of AFramework for K-12 Science Education,the basis for the Next Generation Science Standards.Adults can be especially reluctant to abandon or even question their personal misinformation,he said,especially if those beliefs are tied up with their politics or personal identity.Osborne and Pimentel are the lead authors of Science Education in an Age of Misinformation,a 2022 report exploring the threat posed by scientific misinformation and how it can be addressed.In the report,they lay out strategies to prepare students to cope with dubious claims,including revising the curriculum,better preparing and equipping teachers,and assessing students’capabilities in this area.For starters,the researchers say,students should know how to check the reliability of asource.That task often starts with three key questions:Who is providing this information,how do they know it,and what are they trying to sell?At afundamental level,Osborne said,it’s often more important to evaluate asource than the actual claim.If the source doesn’t hold up to scrutiny,it’s safe(and generally wise)to disregard everything else.To guard against questionable sources,students have to be taught how to navigate the internet and interpret search results,Osborne said.Internet skills should be purposefully taught throughout primary and secondary school:Students should know how to tailor search terms to get the most reliable results,how to spot sponsored content,and how to quickly identify the most credible information in asea of results.The report details strategies used by professional fact checkers to evaluate sources online,citing research and materials developed by the Stanford History Education Group. 查看详细>>

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5 2022-11-14

The Educational Opportunity Project(EOP)at Stanford University and the New York State Education Department(NYSED)have launched afive-year project to map the landscape of equity across the New York State education system.The aim of the project,in which researchers will leverage 15 years’worth of data from NYSED,is to provide actionable information about how past and current education policies and practices impact equity in the school system.The research team–including Stanford Graduate School of Education professors Sean Reardon,Ben Domingue,and Francis A.Pearman–will analyze student,teacher,school,and district data to develop aset of equity indicators that New York can use to monitor students’access to educational opportunities within the education system.The team will analyze these indicators to understand whether inequities in access to opportunities–such as early childhood care and particular features of aschool or neighborhood–are connected to disparities in students’academic outcomes,including test scores and graduation rates.“School systems have tremendous power to address disparities in educational opportunity through decisions they make on aregular basis,”said Reardon,the Professor of Poverty and Inequality in Education at Stanford and director of the EOP.“Our hope is that this project will show how system policies can be targeted to combat inequities,and that it will serve as amodel for other partnerships between researchers and state education agencies.”In addition to measuring and mapping out patterns of disparities among student outcomes and opportunities to learn,the researchers will assess the reliability and feasibility of using measures of such opportunities in the New York State data system to monitor educational equity.They will also provide evidence about specific features of the education system–including state-level policies and local strategic planning–that lead to greater equality in student outcomes.Over the coming years,progress updates from this effort will be shared with,and feedback sought from,policymakers and education leaders throughout New York’s education system.The goals are to provide transparent information about educational equity in New York,and to inform state and local collaboration intended to address disparities in access to learning opportunities.The project was presented at the New York State Board of Regents meeting on November 14,2022.The Educational Opportunity Project(EOP)Research Team Core Researchers Sean Reardon,Professor of Poverty and Inequality,Stanford Graduate School of Education Erin Fahle,Research Scientist,NWEA Andrew Ho,Professor of Education,Harvard Graduate School of Education Ben Shear,Assistant Professor,University of Colorado Boulder Collaborators Ben Domingue,Associate Professor,Stanford Graduate School of Education Francis A.Pearman,Assistant Professor,Stanford Graduate School of Education Advisory Board Susanna Loeb,Professor of Education and Director of the Annenberg Institute,Brown Christopher Edley,Jr.,Interim Dean,UC Berkeley School of Education Rucker Johnson,Professor of Public Policy,UC Berkeley Carrie Conaway,Senior Lecturer on Education,Harvard Graduate School of Education NYSED Leadership Team Allison Armour-Garb?,Special Advisor to the Executive Deputy Commissioner Rose LeRoy?,Director of Educational Data and Research Jason Harmon?,Deputy Commissioner,P-12 Operational Support Zach Warner?,Assistant Commissioner,Office of State Assessment Alexander Trikalinos,Executive Director,Office of Educator Quality and Professional Development The EOP-NYSED partnership and research activities are supported by grants from the Institute of Education Sciences,the Spencer Foundation,and Stanford Impact Labs. 查看详细>>

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6 2022-07-22

The device addresses aneed in the cerebral palsy community.Often,kids with cerebral palsy–a group of disorders that affect movement,balance,and posture–need daily sessions with aphysical therapist to build strength and improve motor skills.As an undergraduate studying bioengineering at Columbia University,Shideler thought there must be abetter way.He collaborated with other students to design adevice that would make it easier for these kids to perform their therapy exercises at home,or anywhere.The result was BUDI–the Biofeedback Upper-limb Device for Impairment–a bulky bracelet built with sensors that tracked motion and provided feedback on how the user might want to adjust how they are moving.BUDI was named“Most Outstanding Design Project from Columbia Biomedical Engineering,”and Columbia shared the news on social media.People in the cerebral palsy community noticed.“A teenager in Ohio reached out and said,‘I have CP,saw your product and would love to try it,’ ”Shideler said.But Shideler had no bracelets to give.His team had only built two prototypes.So,inspired by that message from someone he didn’t know living across the country,Shideler set out to produce BUDI on alarger scale. 查看详细>>

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7 2022-04-25

Saturn’s moon Titan looks very much like Earth from space,with rivers,lakes,and seas filled by rain tumbling through athick atmosphere.While these landscapes may look familiar,they are composed of materials that are undoubtedly different–liquid methane streams streak Titan’s icy surface and nitrogen winds build hydrocarbon sand dunes.The presence of these materials–whose mechanical properties are vastly different from those of silicate-based substances that make up other known sedimentary bodies in our solar system–makes Titan’s landscape formation enigmatic.By identifying aprocess that would allow for hydrocarbon-based substances to form sand grains or bedrock depending on how often winds blow and streams flow,Stanford University geologist Mathieu Lapôtre and his colleagues have shown how Titan’s distinct dunes,plains,and labyrinth terrains could be formed.Titan,which is atarget for space exploration because of its potential habitability,is the only other body in our solar system known to have an Earth-like,seasonal liquid transport cycle today.The new model,recently published in Geophysical Research Letters,shows how that seasonal cycle drives the movement of grains over the moon’s surface.“Our model adds aunifying framework that allows us to understand how all of these sedimentary environments work together,”said Lapôtre,an assistant professor of geological sciences at Stanford’s School of Earth,Energy&Environmental Sciences(Stanford Earth).“If we understand how the different pieces of the puzzle fit together and their mechanics,then we can start using the landforms left behind by those sedimentary processes to say something about the climate or the geological history of Titan–and how they could impact the prospect for life on Titan.” 查看详细>>

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8 2022-03-24

The amount of methane–a greenhouse gas 30 times more potent at trapping heat than carbon dioxide over 100 years–leaking from ahuge U.S.oil and gas producing region is several times greater than the federal government estimates,according to anew study led by Stanford University.Using airborne sensors able to detect methane leaks from individual oil and gas production facilities,the researchers studied the Permian Basin in New Mexico,one of the most expansive and highest-producing oil and gas regions in the world.They estimate that more than 9percent of all methane produced in the region is being leaked into the skies,several-fold higher than Environmental Protection Agency estimates and well above those in the published literature.The EPA puts leaks at 1.4 percent of production on anational basis.“We surveyed almost every oil and gas asset in the New Mexico Permian for an entire year to measure and link emissions to specific anonymized facilities,”said Evan Sherwin,a post-doctoral scholar Stanford’s Department of Energy Resources Engineering and co-lead author of anew paper in the journal Environmental Science&Technology exposing the discrepancy.“It’s worse than we thought by along shot.”Environmental watchers and energy industry engineers fear that leaks from mines,wells,refineries,storage facilities and pipelines are vastly underreported.Until recently,however,they lacked the equipment to prove it.Now,they have it and they confirm suspicions to adegree beyond the researchers’own expectations.The sensors include hyperspectral cameras mounted to airplanes that crisscrossed the New Mexico Permian Basin in regular patterns and intervals.These cameras measure sunlight reflected off various chemicals in the air that the human eye cannot detect.Each chemical,including methane,has aunique pattern–an optical fingerprint.Earlier,the collaborators verified the technology’s promise in apeer-reviewed study and invested two years responding to stakeholder questions and concerns to substantiate its validity.“With these sensors,methane is quite easy to spot.We are very confident in our results,”said Yuanlei Chen,a doctoral student in energy resources engineering at Stanford and the paper’s other co-lead author.Chen wrote the computer code to estimate production and calculate leak quantities.“We then pinpointed the small fraction of so-called super-emitters that are most responsible for the problem,”she added. 查看详细>>

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9 2022-02-14

Thermoelectric materials convert heat to electricity and vice versa,and their atomic structures are closely related to how well they perform.Now researchers have discovered how to change the atomic structure of ahighly efficient thermoelectric material,tin selenide,with intense pulses of laser light.This result opens anew way to improve thermoelectrics and ahost of other materials by controlling their structure,creating materials with dramatic new properties that may not exist in nature.“For this class of materials that’s extremely important,because their functional properties are associated with their structure,”said Yijing Huang,a Stanford University graduate student who played an important role in the experiments at the Department of Energy’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.“By changing the nature of the light you put in,you can tailor the nature of the material you create.”The experiments took place at SLAC’s X-ray free-electron laser,the Linac Coherent Light Source(LCLS).The results were reported today in Physical Review Xand will be highlighted in aspecial collection devoted to ultrafast science.Heat versus light Because thermoelectrics convert waste heat to electricity,they’re considered aform of green energy.Thermoelectric generators provided electricity for the Apollo moon landing project,and researchers have been pursuing ways to use them to convert human body heat into electricity for charging gadgets,among other things.Run in reverse,they create aheat gradient that can be used to chill wine in refrigerators with no moving parts.Tin selenide is considered one of the most promising thermoelectric materials that are grown as individual crystals,which are relatively cheap and easy to manufacture.Unlike many other thermoelectric materials,tin selenide is lead-free,Huang said,and it’s amuch more efficient heat converter.Since it consists of regular cube-like crystals,similar to those of rock salt,it’s also relatively easy to make and tinker with.To explore how those crystals respond to light,the team hit tin selenide with intense pulses of near-infrared laser light to change its structure.The light excited electrons in the sample’s atoms and shifted the positions of some of those atoms,distorting their arrangement. 查看详细>>

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10 2022-01-27

Humans have cooked with fire for millennia,but it may be time for achange.Natural gas appliances warm the planet in two ways:generating carbon dioxide by burning natural gas as afuel and leaking unburned methane into the air.A new Stanford-led study reveals that the methane leaking from natural gas-burning stoves inside U.S.homes has aclimate impact comparable to the carbon dioxide emissions from about 500,000 gasoline-powered cars.This extra warming from home methane leaks contributes about athird as much warming as the carbon dioxide generated by combustion of the stove’s natural gas,and sometimes exposes users to respiratory disease-triggering pollutants.The findings,published in Environmental Science&Technology,come as legislators in numerous U.S.municipalities and at least one state–New York–weigh banning natural gas hookups from new construction.“Surprisingly,there are very few measurements of how much natural gas escapes into the air from inside homes and buildings through leaks and incomplete combustion from appliances,”said study lead author Eric Lebel,who conducted the research as agraduate student in Stanford’s School of Earth,Energy and Environmental Sciences(Stanford Earth).“It’s probably the part of natural gas emissions we understand the least about,and it can have abig impact on both climate and indoor air quality.” 查看详细>>

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