A new catalyst made from an inexpensive,abundant metal and common table sugar has the power to destroy carbon dioxide(CO2)gas.In anew Northwestern University study,the catalyst successfully converted CO2 into carbon monoxide(CO),an important building block to produce avariety of useful chemicals.When the reaction occurs in the presence of hydrogen,for example,CO2 and hydrogen transform into synthesis gas(or syngas),a highly valuable precursor to producing fuels that can potentially replace gasoline.With recent advances in carbon capture technologies,post-combustion carbon capture is becoming aplausible option to help tackle the global climate change crisis.But how to handle the captured carbon remains an open-ended question.The new catalyst potentially could provide one solution for disposing the potent greenhouse gas by converting it into amore valuable product.The study will be published in the May 3issue of the journal Science.“Even if we stopped emitting CO2 now,our atmosphere would still have asurplus of CO2 as aresult of industrial activities from the past centuries,”said Northwestern’s Milad Khoshooei,who co-led the study.“There is no single solution to this problem.We need to reduce CO2 emissions and find new ways to decrease the CO2 concentration that is already in the atmosphere.We should take advantage of all possible solutions.”“We’re not the first research group to convert CO2 into another product,”said Northwestern’s Omar K.Farha,the study’s senior author.“However,for the process to be truly practical,it necessitates acatalyst that fulfills several crucial criteria:affordability,stability,ease of production and scalability.Balancing these four elements is key.Fortunately,our material excels in meeting these requirements.”An expert in carbon capture technologies,Farha is the Charles E.and Emma H.Morrison Professor of Chemistry at Northwestern’s Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences.After starting this work as aPh.D.candidate at the University of Calgary in Canada,Khoshooei now is apostdoctoral fellow in Farha’s laboratory. 查看详细>>

“I’m First”week at Northwestern is underway with acelebration of the stories and accomplishments of those in the University community who are first-generation college students.From students just beginning their college journeys to Northwestern President Michael Schill,first-gen individuals play an integral role in campus life.The week of programming,hosted by Student Enrichment Services(SES),highlights the experiences of students whose parents did not graduate from afour-year college or university.At Northwestern,more than 300 first-gen students represent about 15%of this fall’s entering class.SES partners with students who are first-generation,lower-income and/or DACA/undocumented.The week’s programming,part of alarger,year-long initiative led by SES associate director Mayra Garces,is just one example of the office’s campus-wide partnerships and advocacy as it strives to build amore inclusive campus community.“Northwestern’s first-generation students,staff and faculty represent the best of the University,”said Sharitza Rivera,senior director of SES.“Every student deserves access to support,resources and community to make the most of their time at Northwestern.Without parents who paved the way,our first-gen individuals had unique obstacles to becoming Wildcats.SES is dedicated to celebrating our these students because our team knows from personal experience that graduating from college has an impact on ourselves and the communities we came from.”The full slate of activities and events runs through Nov.8,which is also the annual National First-Generation College Celebration.Programming includes two different swag pick-ups around campus,a faculty and student mixer hosted with associate professor Myrna Garcia and acareer workshop with Northwestern Career Advancement.The week culminates in the“I’m First”celebration on Nov.8 with food,speakers and awards at the Segal Visitor Center.Associate professor Mesmin Destin,who serves as faculty director of student access and enrichment,will deliver akeynote address on the role of community in the success of BIPOC and first-gen college students.The evening ends with the Black Poet Society’s spoken word performance and the inaugural presentation of the I’m First:Trailblazer Award and the I’m First:Faculty Advocate Award. 查看详细>>

The study was published today(Sept.20)in The Astrophysical Journal.According to new high-resolution 3D simulations,spinning black holes twist up the surrounding space-time,ultimately ripping apart the violent whirlpool of gas(or accretion disk)that encircles and feeds them.This results in the disk tearing into inner and outer subdisks.Black holes first devour the inner ring.Then,debris from the outer subdisk spills inward to refill the gap left behind by the wholly consumed inner ring,and the eating process repeats.One cycle of the endlessly repeating eat-refill-eat process takes mere months—a shockingly fast timescale compared to the hundreds of years that researchers previously proposed.This new finding could help explain the dramatic behavior of some of the brightest objects in the night sky,including quasars,which abruptly flare up and then vanish without explanation.“Classical accretion disk theory predicts that the disk evolves slowly,”said Northwestern’s Nick Kaaz,who led the study.“But some quasars—which result from black holes eating gas from their accretion disks—appear to drastically change over time scales of months to years.This variation is so drastic.It looks like the inner part of the disk—where most of the light comes from—gets destroyed and then replenished.Classical accretion disk theory cannot explain this drastic variation.But the phenomena we see in our simulations potentially could explain this.The quick brightening and dimming are consistent with the inner regions of the disk being destroyed.”Kaaz is agraduate student in astronomy at Northwestern’s Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences and member of the Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics(CIERA).Kaaz is advised by paper co-author Alexander Tchekhovskoy,an associate professor of physics and astronomy at Weinberg and aCIERA member.Mistaken assumptions Accretion disks surrounding black holes are physically complicated objects,making them incredibly difficult to model.Conventional theory has struggled to explain why these disks shine so brightly and then abruptly dim—sometimes to the point of disappearing completely.Previous researchers have mistakenly assumed that accretion disks are relatively orderly.In these models,gas and particles swirl around the black hole—in the same plane as the black hole and in the same direction of the black hole’s spin.Then,over atime scale of hundreds to hundreds of thousands of years,gas particles gradually spiral into the black hole to feed it.“How gas gets to ablack hole to feed it is the central question in accretion-disk physics.If you know how that happens,it will tell you how long the disk lasts,how bright it is and what the light should look like when we observe it with telescopes.”—Nick Kaaz,lead author“For decades,people made avery big assumption that accretion disks were aligned with the black hole’s rotation,”Kaaz said.“But the gas that feeds these black holes doesn’t necessarily know which way the black hole is rotating,so why would they automatically be aligned?Changing the alignment drastically changes the picture.”The researchers’simulation,which is one of the highest-resolution simulations of accretion disks to date,indicates that the regions surrounding the black hole are much messier and more turbulent places than previously thought. 查看详细>>

Renowned researcher Jeffrey A.Hubbell has received the 2023 Kabiller Prize in Nanoscience and Nanomedicine,an annual award given by Northwestern University’s International Institute for Nanotechnology(IIN)to one scientist for outstanding achievements in the field.Hubbell’s work has revolutionized the fields of nanoscale bioengineering and regenerative medicine,exemplifying the spirit of innovation and excellence that the Kabiller Prize represents.He also has demonstrated acommitment to advancing scientific discovery for the betterment of humanity.“Receiving the Kabiller Prize in Nanoscience and Nanomedicine is atrue honor,”said Hubbell,the Eugene Bell Professor in Tissue Engineering at University of Chicago’s Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering.“I undertake research in nanomedicine from an engineering perspective,diving deeply into the biology with the hope and goal of improving lives.Together with my colleagues and students,I am confident we will continue to make advances.”Said Michael H.Schill,president of Northwestern University:“It is aprivilege to honor Jeffrey Hubbell as this year‘s Kabiller Prize winner within the auspices of IIN.His groundbreaking work and transformative achievements in the field of nano bioengineering resonate perfectly with IIN‘s mission to advance knowledge and pioneer breakthroughs that promise abetter future for humanity.”Jeffrey Hubbell,a nano bioengineering pioneer Hubbell’s contributions to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have laid the foundation for innovative approaches that bridge the gap between laboratory discoveries and real-world clinical applications.His visionary work on inverse vaccines using polymeric nanovectors promises to revolutionize the field by offering new routes to the treatment of difficult-to-treat conditions like celiac disease and multiple sclerosis.Beyond the laboratory,his leadership and founding of Anokion,Inc.underscores his dedication to translating cutting-edge breakthroughs into practical medical solutions.Moreover,Hubbell‘s impact extends to immuno-oncology,where his matrix-binding technologies pave the way for next-generation biologics with the potential to reshape cancer treatment.His leadership in founding Arrow Immune,Inc.further exemplifies his commitment to translating innovative technologies into the clinic,promising abrighter future for cancer patients.“Jeffrey Hubbell’s legacy in the field of nanotechnology is marked by innovation and impact,”said David Kabiller,a business leader and philanthropist whose generous donation established the prize.“His groundbreaking work,from developing polymeric nanovectors for novel vaccines to engineering cytokines for autoimmune diseases,has demonstrated the power of nanotechnology in transforming health care.With this year‘s Kabiller Prize,we honor not only his achievements,but also his commitment to translating these technologies from the lab to the clinic,positively affecting countless lives.”Hubbell’s engineering of cytokines to modulate inflammatory responses,particularly in autoimmune diseases,showcases his dedication to address pressing medical challenges.His founding of HeioThera,Inc.further emphasizes his commitment to ensuring that these breakthroughs reach those in need.“Jeff Hubbell is apioneering researcher and early entrepreneur in tissue engineering who has made atremendous difference to the field,”said Matthew Tirrell,dean of the Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering at University of Chicago.“In addition to his distinguished achievements in bioengineering and immunotherapy,Jeff also has trained dozens of other leaders in the field in his laboratory.His innovative development of materials that stimulate the immune system to fight infection or malignancy according to design,disabling certain aspects of the immune response to address auto-immune diseases such as multiple sclerosis or celiac disease have affected people for the better.Jeff Hubbell’s extraordinary accomplishments truly merit the Kabiller Prize in Nanoscience and Nanomedicine.” 查看详细>>

An international team of researchers,including Northwestern University astrophysicists,have used agalaxy-sized tool composed of 68 dead stars to sense the longest,slowest gravitational waves ever detected.With lengths equivalent to 15 light-years,some of the waves are so long and slow that it takes 15 years for each individual wave cycle to fully pass through Earth.Together,these gravitational wave signals overlap,like voices in acrowd or instruments in an orchestra,producing an overall cosmic“hum”that imprints apattern in the data.The record-breaking gravitational-wave signal was observed in 15 years of data acquired by the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves(NANOGrav)Physics Frontiers Center(PFC),a collaboration of nearly 200 scientists from the United States and Canada who use atype of exotic neutron star,called pulsars,to search for gravitational waves.While earlier results from NANOGrav uncovered an enigmatic timing signal common to all the pulsars they observed,the signal was too faint for researchers to determine its origin.The 15-year dataset release demonstrates that the signal is consistent with slowly undulating gravitational waves passing through our galaxy.By further investigating these monster waves,astrophysicists could potentially learn more about how the universe evolved on the largest scales,how often galaxies collide and what drives black holes to merge.A suite of four papers detailing the new discovery will be published on June 28 in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.Northwestern postdoctoral fellow Caitlin Witt co-authored all four papers as well as acomplementary set of papers now available on ArXiv.A public lecture will air on YouTube at 1p.m.EDT(U.S.)on Thursday,June 29.“We think the most likely source of this type of signal is apopulation of supermassive black hole binaries,but we want to be careful not to assume that,”Witt said.“Scientists also have theorized that it could be remnants from the Big Bang or cosmic strings generating this signal.The publication of these studies is not the end of our research but the beginning.It’s the starting gun,marking the beginning of trying to understand this new population of gravitational waves.”Witt is the inaugural CIERA-Adler Postdoctoral Fellow at Northwestern’s Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics(CIERA)and the Adler Planetarium.Luke Kelley,an astrophysicist at the University of California,Berkeley and former postdoctoral fellow at CIERA,is chair of NANOGrav’s astrophysics group.The NANOGrav Collaboration is led by Stephen Taylor of Vanderbilt University,Maura McLaughlin of West Virginia University and Xavier Siemens of Oregon State University.Tracking squeezed space-time with cosmic timepieces In 2016,an international collaboration including Northwestern professor Vicky Kalogera,who was aleading astrophysicist on the team,used the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory(LIGO)to first detect gravitational waves from the merger of two stellar-mass black holes,which resulted in obvious,short-lived ripples in space-time.But the newly discovered population of gravitational waves is too big and change much too slowly for Earth-based equipment like LIGO to detect.Even when NASA and the European Space Agency launch LISA(a space-based gravitational wave detector for which Northwestern professor Shane Larson is amember of the science collaboration)in the early 2030s,it still will not be able to detect such enormous waves.To overcome this obstacle,NANOGrav leverages pulsars,a type of rapidly rotating neutron star born in the supernova explosion of amassive star at the end of its life.Just like alighthouse,a pulsar spins rapidly,sweeping radio waves through space,so they appear to“pulse”when viewed from Earth.The fastest of these objects,called millisecond pulsars,spin hundreds of times per second. 查看详细>>

Eve Downing,a third-year student in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences at Northwestern,has won a$7,000 scholarship from the Udall Foundation,recognizing her leadership and service on environmental issues.Downing is originally from Alaska,where she has been active in environmental and climate causes.She is Northwestern’s first Alaskan recipient of the Udall Scholarship,and the 13th Northwestern recipient overall.“I plan to work on environmental policy after graduation,and Ihope to contribute to an equitable transition to clean energy in Alaska and the Arctic.My community is already feeling the impacts of climate change,and Iwant to help create abetter future for my home,”she said.Her work has included promoting the divestment of university endowments from fossil fuels;advocating for nuclear nonproliferation;studying the treaty regimes and legal frameworks around people displaced by environmental disasters;storytelling to highlight people’s real-world experiences with climate change;and voter engagement on environmental issues.“Eve’s track record of leadership and service on behalf of the environment is highlighted by her experience as an Arctic youth ambassador,a role that saw her interact with several high-level elected officials,including U.S.Senator Lisa Murkowski,”said Jason Kelly Roberts,associate director for outreach and communications at Northwestern’s Office of Fellowships.Roberts also emphasized Downing’s participation in the UNLEASH Innovation Lab in Greenland,which enables young people to create solutions,become leaders and drive networks to help reach the United Nations’Sustainable Development Goals.The Udall Foundation is named after brothers Morris K.and Stewart L.Udall,Democrats from Arizona who were both U.S.Representatives in Congress.Stewart Udall also served as U.S.Secretary of the Interior during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations in the 1960s.Both men emphasized environmental stewardship and productive partnerships between the U.S.government and native communities.Today,the Foundation is an independent entity of the federal government that engages scholars,fellows,interns and other partners on environmental protection,as well as health care and public policy work related to American Indian and Alaska Native communities.Downing is the second consecutive winner of aUdall Scholarship from Northwestern,after Kadin Mills,a current third-year student in the Medill School of Journalism,Media,Integrated Marketing Communications,won the same scholarship last year.Isabella Twocrow,a current fourth-year student in the School of Education and Social Policy,also received an internship from the Udall Foundation in Washington,D.C.in 2022. 查看详细>>

Babb comes to Northwestern from the University of Denver,where she served as associate vice chancellor for Equal Opportunity and Title IX/Title IX Coordinator.Her responsibilities included overseeing the receipt,response and resolution of all reports of discrimination,harassment,and gender-based violence and Title IX hearings.“I am delighted to welcome Emily to Northwestern,”Schill said.“The Office of Civil Rights and Title IX Compliance is not only acritical resource for students,staff and faculty in times of need but also asymbol that Northwestern will never tolerate discrimination or harassment.I look forward to working with Emily and other leaders to ensure Northwestern is asafe and welcoming community for all.”The Office of Civil Rights and Title IX Compliance previously was called the Office of Equity.The University announced the unit’s planned name change in 2022,calling it abetter reflection of the office’s primary responsibilities of ensuring compliance with anti-discrimination and accessibility policies,and responding to reports of sexual misconduct,discrimination and harassment within the University community.The unit’s website was updated today,March 23,to reflect the name change.“My career has been dedicated to civil rights compliance,and Iam honored by the opportunity to grow this office at Northwestern,”said Babb,who will report directly to Schill.“I look forward to working with an administration that is committed to creating acomprehensive approach to civil rights and Title IX,and providing resources and policies focused on addressing discrimination and harassment of various forms.”Babb emerged from anational search of candidates conducted by acommittee representing Northwestern students,faculty and staff.The committee was chaired by Robin R.Means Coleman,vice president and associate provost for diversity and inclusion,chief diversity officer,and the Ida B.Wells and Ferdinand Barnett Professor,Department of Communication Studies,and Stephanie M.Graham,vice president and general counsel.“I am thrilled to welcome Emily to Northwestern University,”Means Coleman said.“The search committee was impressed with the depth of her experience,leadership,and legal and scholarly understanding of Civil Rights and Title IX compliance work.Additionally,Emily is astrong communicator backed by great emotional intelligence.I am looking forward to our close partnership in support of the Northwestern University community.”Babb joined the University of Denver in 2021.Prior to that,from 2017 to 2020,she was the assistant vice president for Title IX compliance and Title IX coordinator at the University of Virginia.At both institutions,she collaborated with various departments to respond to and resolve discrimination,harassment,gender-based violence and other cases,as well as coordinated Title IX hearings.Before entering the world of higher education,Babb spent over adecade as an attorney with the U.S.Department of Education Office for Civil Rights(OCR)in both the Dallas and Cleveland regional offices,where she conducted and managed investigations into school districts,colleges and universities to determine compliance with the civil rights laws enforced by OCR,including Title VI,Title IX,Section 504,the ADA and the Age Discrimination Act of 1975.Babb holds her juris doctor degree from the University of Oklahoma College of Law.As an undergraduate,she studied at DePauw University where she earned abachelor’s degree in communications and English literature.She and her husband,Kencade,have three children,Cicely,Finn and Virginia. 查看详细>>

Northwestern graduate students have voted to unionize and will join the United Electrical,Radio and Machine Workers of America(UE).The National Labor Relations Board(NLRB)moderated the election held Jan.10 to 11 on the Evanston and Chicago campuses.Its final tally shows that,of the 2,893 students eligible to vote,1,644 voted in favor of unionization and 114 voted against.Graduate assistants,teaching assistants,research assistants and fellows enrolled in Northwestern degree programs will now be represented by UE when they provide instructional or research services for the University.“Northwestern deeply values the contributions that graduate students make to its research and teaching missions,and we are proud to provide firsthand experiences that serve as excellent preparation for arange of career outcomes,”said Provost Kathleen Hagerty.“We thank the voters for casting ballots and respect their decision.We look forward to beginning the process of negotiating acollective bargaining agreement that works for both the University and graduate students within the bargaining unit.”As collective bargaining begins between Northwestern and UE,the University will provide updates on the process via the graduate student unionization website,where students,faculty and staff are invited to submit questions.By voting to unionize,Northwestern students join asmall but growing list nationwide,which includes students at schools from Yale,Harvard and MIT to the University of Illinois and the University of Washington,among others.Students at the University of Chicago filed recently for aunion election,also in affiliation with UE.“Northwestern has been and remains dedicated to cultivating its relationship with graduate students,keeping the lines of communication open and working collaboratively on issues important to students and the University,”said Kelly Mayo,dean of The Graduate School and associate provost for graduate education.“Because of this commitment,the University attracts the best graduate students in the world and prepares them to be scholars and thought leaders of the future.” 查看详细>>

The Office of Undergraduate Research recognized six undergraduate students and two faculty members during the Fletcher Awards ceremony on Dec.2 in Evanston.The$250 prize,funded by the Fletcher Family Foundation,honors outstanding undergraduates for research conducted with support from aSummer Undergraduate Research Grant(SURG).Since last year,the Fletcher Awards also recognize rising research stars and excellence in research mentorship through the Undergraduate Research Assistant Program(URAP).SURGs award students$4,000 to do an independent academic or creative project,in all fields of study,under faculty supervision.URAP pays student research assistants to work with afaculty mentor on their research project to provide research-related skills.“Undergraduate research challenges students to think and collaborate in new ways,to add meaningful knowledge to the world,and to raise the bar of their own expectation,”said Peter Civetta,director of the Office of Undergraduate Research.“While we know research is impactful,we also know that students do not necessarily know how to engage in—or even approach—research.These programs,and specifically these faculty mentors,provide transformative opportunities and,when given these opportunities,the Fletcher Award winners show what is possible.”Summer Undergraduate Research Grant winners John Chen’24 of McCormick is mentored by Erica Hartmann on aproject exploring differences in the functional connectivity of brain networks between normally-aging and Parkinson‘s disease subjects.Studying temporal and budget dynamics in education crowdfunding,Elizabeth Dudley’24 of Weinberg is mentored by Elizabeth Gerber.Elena Housteau’24 of Weinberg is exploring differences in the connectivity of brain networks in normally-aging and Parkinson’s disease subjects in aproject guided by Caterina Gratton.Mentored by David Tolchinsky,Danielle Llevada’23 of the School of Communication is developing anew television comedy series that depicts depression and mental health.Undergraduate Research Assistant Program winners Sophia Huang’25 of Weinberg,mentored by by Gregory Phillips II,is working on aproject titled“Intersectional Approaches to Population-Level Health Research:Role of HIV Risk and Mental Health in Alcohol Use Disparities among Diverse Sexual Minority Youth.”Kadin Mills’24 of Medill is mentored by Patty Low on amedia project that will invite public audiences to explore their connections to the changing climate and their identities as changemakers.Undergraduate Research Assistant Program faculty award winners Sara Moreira of the Kellogg School of Management is mentoring Kushal Mungee on aproject titled“The Anatomy of Financial Innovation.”Jason Roberts of the Office of Fellowships and the School of Communication is mentoring Petra Popper Freedman on“Too Big to Screen:Moving-Image Media and the Great Recession.” 查看详细>>

Northwestern Medicine scientists have uncovered the mechanism behind why eating late at night is linked to weight gain and diabetes.The connection between eating time,sleep and obesity is well-known but poorly understood,with research showing that overnutrition can disrupt circadian rhythms and change fat tissue.New Northwestern research has shown for the first time that energy release may be the molecular mechanism through which our internal clocks control energy balance.From this understanding,the scientists also found that daytime is the ideal time in the light environment of the Earth’s rotation when it is most optimal to dissipate energy as heat.These findings have broad implications from dieting to sleep loss and the way we feed patients who require long-term nutritional assistance.The paper,“Time-restricted feeding mitigates obesity through adipocyte thermogenesis,”will be published online today,and in print tomorrow(Oct.21)in the journal Science."It is well known,albeit poorly understood,that insults to the body clock are going to be insults to metabolism,”said corresponding study author Dr.Joseph T.Bass,the Charles F.Kettering Professor of Medicine at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.He also is aNorthwestern Medicine endocrinologist.“When animals consume Western style cafeteria diets—high fat,high carb—the clock gets scrambled,”Bass said.“The clock is sensitive to the time people eat,especially in fat tissue,and that sensitivity is thrown off by high-fat diets.We still don’t understand why that is,but what we do know is that as animals become obese,they start to eat more when they should be asleep.This research shows why that matters.”Bass is also director of the Center for Diabetes and Metabolism and the chief of endocrinology in the department of medicine at Feinberg.Chelsea Hepler,a postdoctoral fellow in the Bass Lab,was the first author and did many of the biochemistry and genetics experiments that grounded the team’s hypothesis.Rana Gupta,now at Duke University,was also akey collaborator.Scrambling the internal clock In the study,mice,who are nocturnal,were fed ahigh-fat diet either exclusively during their inactive(light)period or during their active(dark)period.Within aweek,mice fed during light hours gained more weight compared to those fed in the dark.The team also set the temperature to 30 degrees,where mice expend the least energy,to mitigate the effects of temperature on their findings.“We thought maybe there’s acomponent of energy balance where mice are expending more energy eating at specific times,”Hepler said.“That’s why they can eat the same amount of food at different times of the day and be healthier when they eat during active periods versus when they should be sleeping.”The increase in energy expenditure led the team to look into metabolism of fat tissue to see if the same effect occurred within the endocrine organ.They found that it did,and mice with genetically enhanced thermogenesis—or heat release through fat cells—prevented weight gain and improved health.Hepler also identified futile creatine cycling,in which creatine(a molecule that helps maintain energy)undergoes storage and release of chemical energy,within fat tissues,implying creatine may be the mechanism underlying heat release.Findings could inform chronic care The science is underpinned by research done by Bass and colleagues at Northwestern more than 20 years ago that found arelationship between the internal molecular clock and body weight,obesity and metabolism in animals.The challenge for Bass’s lab,which focuses on using genetic approaches to study physiology,has been figuring out what it all means,and finding the control mechanisms that produce the relationship.This study brings them astep closer.The findings could inform chronic care,Bass said,especially in cases where patients have gastric feeding tubes.Patients are commonly fed at night while they sleep,when they’re releasing the least amount of energy.Rates of diabetes and obesity tend to be high for these patients,and Bass thinks this could explain why.He also wonders how the research could impact Type II Diabetes treatment.Should meal times be considered when insulin is given,for example?Hepler will continue to research creatine metabolism.“We need to figure out how,mechanistically,the circadian clock controls creatine metabolism so that we can figure out how to boost it,”she said.“Clocks are doing alot to metabolic health at the level of fat tissue,and we don’t know how much yet.” 查看详细>>